REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2022 | Volume
: 13 | Issue : 1 | Page : 1--3
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor – A systemic review literature
Debajani Deka1, Md Faizzal2, Bipul Kumar Das3,
1 Demonstrator, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Gauhati, Assam, India
2 Senior Resident, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
3 Assistant Professor, Tezpur Medical College and Hospital, Tezpur, Assam, India
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Debajani Deka
C/o. P. C. Prafulla Chandra Deka, Bishnu Rabha Road, Tezpur, Assam
India
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal. They arise most commonly from the stomach or small intestine, with a median age of 60 years. We did not find any relationship between GIST and ABO blood group and Rh factor. Mutations in KIT exon 11 are found to be more common in larger tumors, and the presence of this mutation has been shown to have an adverse prognostic influence. Deletions compared with point mutations in exon 11 have also been found to be a significant unfavorable factor in patients with gastric GISTs. The study group includes all cases of GIST and extra-GIST. Review literatures were taken from Internet Google search and some websites of high index journals. The data extruded mainly were sites of the gastrointestinal tract, histological types, different immunohistochemical markers, etc., Stomach is the most common site of GIST around 70%. Spindle cell is the most common histological variety; CD117 is frequently found immunohistochemical finding. From the abovementioned results, we can easily come to the diagnosis of specific type of GIST and its respective therapeutic measures.
How to cite this article:
Deka D, Faizzal M, Das BK. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor – A systemic review literature.Ann Trop Pathol 2022;13:1-3
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How to cite this URL:
Deka D, Faizzal M, Das BK. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor – A systemic review literature. Ann Trop Pathol [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Dec 11 ];13:1-3
Available from: https://www.atpjournal.org/text.asp?2022/13/1/1/353206 |
Full Text
Introduction
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal. They arise most commonly from the stomach or small intestine, with a median age of 60 years.[1] Majority of GISTs are sporadic, but rare familial cases may be found. GISTs are generally transmural tumors with frequent intraluminal and outward bulg.[2] The average size of extra-GIST (EGIST) (15.5 cm) was more than double of GIST (7.55 cm).[3] EGIST occurs most commonly in the retroperitoneum, liver, hepatobiliary system, spleen, pancreas, urinary bladder, prostate, and rectouterine septum.[4] The Cajal cells from which GISTs arise both produce ghrelin and express the ghrelin receptor.
Ghrelin is currently considered to be the main endogenous ligand of growth receptors. The ghrelin coding gene is located on chromosome 3 (3p25–26). Some of the many functions of ghrelin include regulation of growth hormone secretion, energy balance, gastrointestinal motility, gastric acid secretion, cardiovascular activity, pancreatic hormone secretion, glucose metabolism, prolactin and adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion, sleep, and gonadal hormone secretion. Several studies have shown that ghrelin can promote the development of malignant tumors through a variety of signaling pathways that increase cell proliferation and metastasis, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin, Ras/RAF/extracellular signal-regulated kinases, Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription, and Src kinase pathways.[5] We did not find any relationship between GIST and ABO blood group and Rh factor.[6] Mutations in KIT exon 11 are found to be more common in larger tumors, and the presence of this mutation has been shown to have an adverse prognostic influence. Deletions compared with point mutations in exon 11 have also been found to be a significant unfavorable factor in patients with gastric GISTs.[7] Interstitial cells of Cajal, also known as pacemaker cells for peristaltic contraction, are a group of cells found in the muscularis propria and around the myenteric plexus along the GI tract and have the immunophenotypic and ultrastructural characteristics of both the neural and smooth muscle elements.[8]
Materials and Methods
The study group includes all cases of GIST and EGIST. Review literatures were taken from Internet Google search and some websites of high index journals. The data extruded mainly were sites of the gastrointestinal tract, histological types, different immunohistochemical markers, etc.[9]
Aims and objectives
The aim of the study is analysis and identification of different varieties of GIST through histology and immunohistochemical markers.
Objectives
Most frequent site of GISTDifferent immunohistochemical markers of GISTDifferent histological types of GISTMost common age group effected.
Results
From the [Table 1] it has been seen that stomach is the most commonly effected site of GIST (40%-70%) while esophagus and appendix(2%-5%) are least commonly effected site . From [Table 2] it has been observed that age <40yrs and >60 yrs are effected most and regarding pediatric age group it is <10yrs yrs. From [Table 3] we found spindle variety as most common variety(70%) of GIST [Table 4]. Immunomarker CD117, DOG1 and S100 frequently found in GIST.In majority of cases they are positive.{Table 1}{Table 2}{Table 3}{Table 4}
Discussion
From the above literatures, it has been found that GIST is mainly found in the stomach followed by small intestine and this is according to the authors R. J. Hartley, j. H. R. Becker, and h. Van der walt. The age group commonly effected in GIST is <40 years and >70 years which is coinciding with the authors Kjetil Sreidea, b, Oddvar M. Sandvika, Jon Arne Sreidea, b, Vanja Giljacac, Andrea Jureckovad, and V. Ramesh Bulusu.
From the above literatures, it has been found that spindle cell variety is the most common variety of GIST. This is also according to the authors Albtoushc, Nesreen Batainehb, Kamal Gharaibeha, Ismail Matalka b, and Yasuharu Tokuda.
CD117 is the most common immunohistochemical marker associated with GIST which is according to the authors Yu Tung Lo, David Siu Kei Mak, and Colum Patrick Nolan.
Conclusion
From the abovementioned results, we can easily come to the diagnosis of specific type of GIST and its respective therapeutic measures.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
[20]
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